The Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... 9.d4 begins with 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.d4 (ECO C91). Lichess records 278,448 games in this line, which gives us a reliable view of how it actually performs in practice.
History and Notable Players
It arises from the Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... d6. On the White side, Herman C Van Riemsdijk (45 games), Vitaly Tseshkovsky (26 games), Friso Nijboer (21 games) top the database. Notable Black exponents: Mark L Hebden (31 games), Oleg M Romanishin (19 games), Alexander G Beliavsky (17 games).
Performance Across Rating Levels
Popularity and results vary sharply by rating level. At 1200 Elo, the opening shows up in 0.00% of games (12,027 samples). White scores 51.1%, Black 45.3%, draws 3.6%. At 1800 the opening surfaces in 0.01% of games; White wins 47.9%, Black 47.2%, draws 4.9%. At the top end (2500+ Elo), popularity is 0.03% with 9.3% draws — a clear sign of how much theory rules the line at master level. White's edge erodes by 3.7pp from 1200 to 2500 Elo, suggesting Black's counterplay is easier to find with experience.
Move Diversity and Theory Depth
Looking at move selection shows how forcing — or not — the position really is. At 1200 Elo, the top reply is exd4, played 45.2% of the time. There are 4 other moves seeing meaningful share, and 80.9% of games stick to established theory. Entropy: 2.32. By 2500, Bg4 dominates at 82.3% of replies; only 2 viable alternatives remain and 95.4% of moves are theory. Entropy drops to 1.06. The narrowing is significant — strong players consolidate around a small set of best moves, while amateurs scatter across many plausible-looking options.
Historical Trends
Tracking the Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... 9.d4 year over year shows a clear story. Adoption peaked in 2017 at 0.01% (11,742 games). By 2025 it sits at 0.00% — a 39% shift overall, leaving the line in decline.
Common Mistakes
- Playing outside main lines — At 400 Elo, only 71.9% of moves follow established theory — at 2000 that climbs to 87.3%. Most of the gap is players who pick a reasonable-looking move over the best one, and the position quietly drifts.
- Neglecting development — Extra pawn moves in the opening are tempting, especially when you "know the moves". Developing a piece each turn is the simple correction.
- Playing without a plan — Each Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... 9.d4 middlegame demands a specific approach. Decide whether the position calls for attack, manoeuvre, or simplification before reaching for a move.
Practice on Chessiverse
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