Starting from 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Na5 10.Bc2 c5, players enter the Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... c5 — ECO C97. Lichess records 365,969 games in this line, which gives us a reliable view of how it actually performs in practice.
History and Notable Players
It arises from the Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... 10.Bc2. Among the most prolific White practitioners are Aleksandar Matanovic (31 games), Isaak Boleslavsky (29 games), Vlastimil Jansa (27 games). Black-side regulars include Bela Lengyel (61 games), Borislav Ivkov (56 games), Julian Estrada Nieto (40 games).
Performance Across Rating Levels
The picture changes a lot as you climb the rating ladder. At 1200 Elo, the opening shows up in 0.00% of games (1,041 samples). White scores 51.9%, Black 44.6%, draws 3.6%. Move up to 1800 Elo and the share shifts to 0.01%, with White winning 50.3% versus Black's 44.5%. At the top end (2500+ Elo), popularity is 0.06% with 8.8% draws — a clear sign of how much theory rules the line at master level. Positions also become less sharp as level rises (sharpness 0.96 → 0.91).
Move Diversity and Theory Depth
Move choice is far from uniform in the Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... c5. At 1200 Elo, the top reply is d4, played 75.7% of the time. There are 2 other moves seeing meaningful share, and 91.3% of games stick to established theory. Entropy: 1.29. By 2500, d4 dominates at 94.8% of replies; only 1 viable alternatives remain and 99.9% of moves are theory. Entropy drops to 0.33. That entropy collapse is the signature of a line where preparation pays off: at the top, players know the best move and play it.
Historical Trends
Tracking the Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... c5 year over year shows a clear story. Adoption peaked in 2016 at 0.01% (9,130 games). By 2025 it sits at 0.01% — a 58% shift overall, leaving the line in decline.
Common Mistakes
- Neglecting development — It can feel productive to make extra pawn moves early, but falling behind in piece development is what loses most amateur games — especially in open positions where active pieces find squares fast.
- Playing without a plan — Each Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3... c5 middlegame demands a specific approach. Decide whether the position calls for attack, manoeuvre, or simplification before reaching for a move.
Practice on Chessiverse
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